XINJIANG MODEL? Researcher Adrian Zenz calls the program a coercive change from nomadism and farming, and targeted attack on traditional Tibetan livelihoods
新疆翻版？研究人員安德烈．曾茲說，這個計畫強制改造牧民和農民，對藏族傳統生活文化造成巨大衝擊。
Reuters, BEIJING 北京路透社 Taipei Times
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A paramilitary policeman stands guard in front of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, on Nov. 17, 2015. 2015年11月17日，一位衛兵在西藏布達拉宮外站崗。 這篇文章很長，不好翻譯，但我還是選了它，因為我愛西藏，真希望她的獨特美可以長存。 文章實在太長了，沒有翻完全部，不然今天就沒辦法寫英美法作業QQ 我無法做什麼，只能願西藏平安。 |
China is pushing growing numbers of Tibetan rural laborers off the land and into recently built military-style training centers where they are turned into factory workers, mirroring a program in Xinjiang that rights groups have branded coercive labor.
近來，中共政府將越來越多的的牧區藏人強制送往新蓋好的集中營，這些軍事風格的訓練中心，將他們改造為工廠勞動力，與被人權團體認為是強制勞動惡行的新疆集中營如出一轍。
Beijing has set quotas for the mass transfer of rural laborers within Tibet and to other parts of China, according to more than 100 state media reports, policy documents from government bureaus in Tibet and procurement requests released between 2016 and this year and reviewed by Reuters.
根據路透社查證，結合超過一百份官媒報導，以及西藏官方機構所釋出，從2016至今的採購需求和其他政策文件顯示，為了大量將偏鄉藏民移送至西藏境內其他區域或其他中國省份從事勞動，北京政府已經訂出了固定配額。
The quota effort marks a rapid expansion of an initiative designed to provide loyal workers for Chinese industry.
這個動作顯示中共大幅擴展了要為國內工業提供忠誠勞動力的強烈企圖。
A notice posted last month to the Web site of Tibet’s regional government said more than half a million people were trained as part of the project in the first seven months of this year — about 15 percent of the region’s population.
西藏自治區官方網站上個月貼出一項公告，表示光在今年的前7個月份中，便已有超過50萬人接受此項計劃的訓練，相當於西藏總人口的百分之15。
Of this total, almost 50,000 have been transferred into jobs within Tibet, and several thousand have been sent to other parts of China.
在這個數字中，有5萬人是被安置在西藏境內的工作場所，另外有數千人則被送往中國其他省分。
Many end up in low paid work, including textile manufacturing, construction and agriculture.
許多人最後只獲得低薪的勞務工作，例如瓷磚工廠工人、建築工人或農工。
“This is now, in my opinion, the strongest, most clear and targeted attack on traditional Tibetan livelihoods that we have seen almost since the Cultural Revolution” of 1966 to 1976, said Adrian Zenz, an independent Tibet and Xinjiang researcher based in Minnesota, who compiled the core findings about the program.
安德烈．曾茲說：「我認為，這幾乎是繼1966年到1976年文化大革命以來，最明顯、最強烈的一次，針對傳統西藏生活文化進行的攻擊行動。」安德烈在明尼蘇達州擔任西藏與新疆事務的獨立研究員，他爬梳了有關這項計畫的重要線索。
These are detailed in a report released this week by the Jamestown Foundation, a Washington-based institute that focuses on policy issues of strategic importance to the US.
其他細節被刊載在本週詹姆士敦基金會發布的研究報告中。該基金會設立於華盛頓，專研對美國具有戰略重要性的政策議題。
“It’s a coercive lifestyle change from nomadism and farming to wage labor,” Zenz said.
「他們強制藏族牧民與農民改變生活型態，成為受薪工人。」曾茲說。
Reuters corroborated Zenz’s findings and found additional policy documents, company reports, procurement filings and state media reports that describe the program.
路透社證實了曾茲的發現，並且還找到其他政府資訊、企業報告、採購紀錄以及該計畫相關的官媒消息。
In a statement, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly denied the involvement of forced labor, and said China is a country with rule of law and that workers are voluntary and properly compensated.
中共外交部在一項聲明中大力否認政府涉入強制勞動的指控，聲稱中國是一個法治國家，所有勞工都是自願工作並獲得相應的報酬。
“What these people with ulterior motives are calling ‘forced labor’ simply does not exist. We hope the international community will distinguish right from wrong, respect facts, and not be fooled by lies,” it said.
「某些人刻意指稱中國有『強迫勞動』，實屬虛構。我們呼籲國際社會要能區辨真假，認清事實，不要被謊言愚弄。」聲明寫道。
Moving surplus rural labor into industry is a key part of China’s drive to boost the economy and reduce poverty, but in areas like Xinjiang and Tibet, with large ethnic populations and a history of unrest, rights groups say the programs include an outsized emphasis on ideological training.
將剩餘勞動力移往工業部門，一直是中國促進經濟發展與改善貧窮的主要政策。但人權團體認為，在像新疆、西藏這樣的地方，存在著民族差異性和持續的政治動盪，這個計畫的施行已經超越本來的目的，而著重於意識形態的改造。
They say the government quotas and military-style management suggest the transfers have coercive elements.
從政府設定好的配額以及軍事風格的管理，就可以看出這個人口轉移具有某種強制性。
China seized control of Tibet after Chinese troops entered the region in 1950, and Tibet has since become one of the most restricted and sensitive areas in the country.
自從1950年解放軍入侵以來，中共就掌控了西藏，西藏從此變成中國境內管制最嚴格、政治最敏感的地區。
The Tibetan program is expanding as international pressure is growing over similar projects in Xinjiang, some of which have been linked to mass detention centers.
儘管國際對新疆集中營施加的壓力越來越大，與之相似的西藏集中營計畫仍然不斷擴展。
A UN report has estimated that about 1 million people in Xinjiang, mostly ethnic Uighurs, were detained in camps and subjected to ideological education.
聯合國報告顯示，新疆大約有一百萬以維吾爾族為主的人口，被拘留在營區，接受思想教育。
China initially denied the existence of the camps, but has since said they are vocational and education centers, and that all the people have “graduated.”
中國起先否認有這些營區存在，隨後又改口說這些是職能教育中心，進入的學生都可以「畢業」。
Reuters was unable to ascertain the conditions of the transferred Tibetan workers. Foreign journalists are not permitted to enter the region, and other foreign citizens are only permitted on government-approved tours.
路透社無法得知被移送藏人的實際情形。外國記者不准進入西藏自治區，只有通過政府核准的外國旅行團得以進入。
In recent years, Xinjiang and Tibet have been the target of harsh policies in pursuit of what Chinese authorities call “stability maintenance.”
近年來，中共官方為了「維穩」，對新疆和西藏實施許多嚴厲的管制。
These policies are broadly aimed at quelling dissent, unrest or separatism and include restricting the travel of ethnic citizens to other parts of China and abroad, and tightening control over religious activities.
這些政策主要是為了打壓異議份子、暴亂與分裂主義者，包含限制該民族人口到中國其他省份或國外旅行，以及管控當地的宗教活動。
Chinese President Xi Jinping (習近平) last month said China would again step up efforts against separatism in Tibet, where census data showed ethnic Tibetans make up about 90 percent of the population.
中共國家主席習近平上個月表示，中國會再次展現打擊西藏分裂主義者的決心。根據人口統計資料顯示，藏族人口占西藏自治區百的分之90。
Critics, spearheaded by Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama, accuse the Chinese authorities of carrying out “cultural genocide.”
藏族精神領袖達賴喇嘛，批評中國政府是在施行「種族清洗」。
While there has been some evidence of military-style training and labor transfers in Tibet in the past, this new, enlarged program represents the first on a mass scale and the first to openly set quotas for transfers outside the region.
雖然過去西藏自治區也有集中營和勞力遣送的紀錄，但如今是首度出現大規模、公開配額的自治區境外移送。
A key element, described in multiple regional policy documents, involves sending officials into villages and townships to gather data on rural laborers and conduct education activities, aimed at building loyalty.
多份政府資料都提到一項關鍵指示：派遣官員至村落調查勞動力資料，實施教育，建立國家忠誠。
State media described one such operation in villages near the Tibetan capital, Lhasa. Officials carried out more than 1,000 anti-separatism education sessions, according to the state media report, “allowing the people of all ethnic groups to feel the care and concern of the Party Central Committee,” referring to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
官媒描述了在西藏首都拉薩附近的村莊，政府設立了超過一千個反分裂教育學程，「讓各個民族的夥伴都能感受到黨中央的關懷」，媒體形容，其指得是中共黨中央。
The report said the sessions included songs, dances and sketches in “easy to understand language.” Such “education” work took place prior to the rollout of the wider transfers this year.
報導說，這些課程使用簡單易懂的語言教導歌唱、舞蹈和繪畫。這些教育活動早在今年的大規模遣送計劃之前就已存在。
The model is similar to Xinjiang, and researchers say a key link between the two is the former Tibet CCP secretary Chen Quanguo (陳全國), who took over the same post in Xinjiang in 2016 and spearheaded the development of Xinjiang’s camp system.
研究人員說，這些計畫的模板就是新疆，西藏的前共產黨書記陳全國在2016年就當上新疆的共產黨書記，也是促成新疆集中營發展的主要人物。
The Xinjiang government, where Chen remains CCP secretary, did not respond to a request for comment.
陳全國如今仍是新疆共產黨書記，然而新疆政府對此問題未做回應。
“In Tibet, he was doing a slightly lower level, under the radar, version of what was implemented in Xinjiang,” said Allen Carlson, an associate professor in Cornell University’s government department.
「在國際的關注壓力下，西藏政府做得比當初的新疆規模要小一些。」康乃爾大學的政府部門副教授艾倫．卡爾森說。
About 70 percent of Tibet’s population is classified as rural, according to 2018 figures from China’s National Bureau of Statistics.
依照中國國家統計局2018年的資料顯示，約百分之70的藏族人口居住在農牧區。
This includes a large proportion of subsistence farmers, posing a challenge for China’s poverty alleviation program, which measures its success on levels of basic income.
其中包含一大部分自給自足的農民，這對中共的脫貧計畫帶來困擾，因為脫貧計畫的成功與否是以薪資收入作為衡量基準。
China has pledged to eradicate rural poverty in the country by the end of this year.
而中國已經宣示要在今年結束以前，消除所有鄉村的貧困。
拜託留給西藏一點藏人的尊嚴。
不要把你的口水沾到他們身上。
#Jill Yang
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