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李宜芳 董容慈 / 整理報導
2020-07-10 15:51 最後更新：2020-07-13 15:32
超越黨派公正獨立行使職權這種事行，根本就不存在。
英美法導論教授直白地說：「司法獨立這種事情根本就不存在。」
嘖嘖嘖。
再不好好寫論文，畢業證書就會不存在啦
我國是全球唯一採取五權分立的國家，根據《中華民國憲法增修條文》，中央政府下設行政、立法、司法、考試、監察，共五院，分別行使職權。
Taiwan is the only country in the world that implements a five-branch government sructure. According to the Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan), there are five branches under the central government, including the Exacutive Yuan, the Legislative Yuan, the Judicial Yuan, the Examination Yuan and the Control Yuan. All independently exercise their own functions.
五院制構想出自國父孫中山，他基於三民主義思想，創立獨步全球的憲政制度。有別於西方國家採取的三權分立制度，孫中山的五權憲法除了原有的行政、立法、司法權以外，設置了監察權與考試權。
The idea of a five-branch institution came from the Father of the Nation, Sun Yat-sen. He created this unique constitutional system on the bases of the "Three Principles of the People", that is the nation shall be a democratic republic "of the people, by the people, and for the people". In addition to Exacutive, Legislative and Judicial powers that most western countries have, an extra Control Yuan and Examination Yuan were put into Sun Yat-sen's constitution.
監察與考試制度的構想從何而來？其實具有濃厚的傳統中國色彩。孫中山將西方三權分立制度結合古代中國的御史諫官與科舉制度。
The origin of the concept of Control Yuan and Examination Yuan is deeply Chinese-tinged. It is the Chinese traditional inspection consultant officer and the imperial examination system that integrated into the saperation of powers.
千年傳統科考制度 融為現代監考權
Ancient administrative system transforms into the Control and Examination powers
根據監察院資料，中國監察制度自秦朝起至中華民國，已有2000多年歷史。 古代中國多採集權制度，高官擁眾多職權於一身，因此需要有負責監督的官吏，以維持官場風氣。孫中山認為，立法權兼監察權會造成國會專制，因此保留傳統中國的監察機關，納入三權分立的架構中。
It has been more than 2,000 years for Chinese to have a inspection party in their its administrative system, starting from Qin Dynasty to the Republic of China, according to the researches of the Control Yuan. To avoid the ancient authoritarianism and as well as to balance the power of a dictatorial legislative power, adding an additional inspection institute into the government would make the nation free from corruption, Sun Yat-sen thought.
考試院則是孫中山另一取樣自古代科考的的制度，避免行政權擁有考試權導致任用私人等弊端，專設公職人員的任用及考核單位。
The Examination Yuan is a representation of the imperial examination system, aiming to end the "spoils system", a system that officeholders awarded their allies and relatives with government job, by establishing an independent recruitment and evaluation agency.
考監兩院任務 監督公務體系運作
Control Yuan and Examination Yuan to rectify the government
根據《中華民國憲法增修條文》第六條，考試院為國家最高考試機關，掌理考試、公務人員之銓敘、保障、撫卹、退休及公務人員任免、考績、級俸、陞遷、褒獎等。考試委員同樣由總統提名，立法院同意。考試院自許健全國家文官體制，強化公職人員的素質與能力。
The Article 6 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China says the Examination Yuan shall be the highest examination body of the State, and shall be responsible for holding examinations, matters relating to the qualification screening, security of tenure, pecuniary aid in case of death and retirement of civil servants, also legal matters relating to the employment, discharge, performance evaluation, scale of salaries, promotion, commendation and award of civil servants. The president of the Examination Yuan shall be nominated, and with the consent of the Legislative Yuan, by the president of the Republic. The vision of the Examination Yuan is to establish a healthy civil service system and to improve the capability of public servants.
《中華民國憲法增修條文》第七條則明訂監察院為國家最高監察機關，行使彈劾、糾舉及審計權。中央或地方公務人員有違法或失職行為時，監察院便會介入調查。每年選舉時備受矚目的公職人員財產申報，也屬於監察院的職務。
The Article 7 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China stipulates that the Control Yuan shall be the highest control body of the State and shall exercise the powers of impeachment, censure and audit. If a public functionary in the central government or local governments made a dereliction of duty or violation of the law, the Control Yuan can start an investigation against them.
# Jill Yang
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